Chapter 1: Microbiology Impacts Our Daily Lives

Study Unit 1: Scientific Discoveries in Microbiology Shape Our Everyday Lives

Learning Outcome 1.1: Describe ancient practices and key discoveries that helped develop the field of microbiology.

Learning Outcome 1.2: List examples of aseptic techniques and microbiological discoveries that have affected current healthcare practices.

Learning Outcome 1.3: Explain how the study of microbiology has been transformed in recent decades.

Study Unit 2: Microbiology Includes the Study of Many Types of Organisms

Learning Outcome 2.1: Describe the diversity and defining characteristics of microbes, including their roles in disease and the environment.

Learning Outcome 2.2: Differentiate between living and nonliving microbes.

Learning Outcome 2.3: Describe the unique features of prokaryotes.

Learning Outcome 2.4: Compare and contrast different types of eukaryotic microbes.

Study Unit 3: The Human Microbiome Includes Normal Flora and Transient Pathogens

Learning Outcome 3.1: List the ways humans develop their unique microbiome.

Learning Outcome 3.2: Describe the benefits of a robust and diverse microbiome.

Learning Outcome 3.3: Correlate the effects of disruptions in the microbiome with disease conditions.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Infectious Disease and Susceptibility

Study Unit 4: Infectious Diseases Move through Populations Using a Variety of Methods

Learning Outcome 4.1.1: Compare and contrast the stages of illness for an infectious disease.

Learning Outcome 4.1.2: Describe common reservoirs and methods of infectious disease transmission.

Learning Outcome 4.2: Describe the three components of the epidemiological triangle.

Learning Outcome 4.3: List the public health measures that can be used to stop the spread of infection.

Study Unit 5: Host Factors Affect Susceptibility to Infection

Learning Outcome 5.1: Describe the effects of age and genetics on susceptibility to infectious disease.

Learning Outcome 5.2: Provide examples of how occupation, behavior, hygiene, and health and healthcare disparities can affect susceptibility to infection.

Learning Outcome 5.3: Explain how chronic health conditions can increase the risk of infection.

Chapter 3: Visualizing Microbes

Study Unit 6: Sizes, Scales, and Shapes of Microbes Are Diverse

Learning Outcome 6.1: Study a microscope image to determine the size of an organism and its key characteristics.

Learning Outcome 6.2: Compare and contrast the sizes of various microbe types.

Learning Outcome 6.3: Describe the most common shapes of each type of microbe.

Study Unit 7: Stains Can Be Used to Identify and Describe Microbes

Learning Outcome 7.1.1: Discuss the purpose of staining.

Learning Outcome 7.1.2: Explain how stains adhere to and colorize cells.

Learning Outcome 7.2: Explain the purpose and steps for performing the Gram stain.

Learning Outcome 7.3: Identify the structures visualized with specialized bacterial staining techniques.

Learning Outcome 7.4: Describe the most common types of eukaryotic cell stains.

Chapter 4: The Building Blocks of Microbiology

Study Unit 8: Biochemistry Is Essential for Life

Learning Outcome 8.1: Describe the structure of atoms, molecules, and bonds in cells.

Learning Outcome 8.2: List the properties of water that are important for biological life.

Learning Outcome 8.3: Explain why both low- and high-pH environments can be corrosive.

Study Unit 9: Microbial Life Is Made of Four Types of Macromolecules

Learning Outcome 9.1: Correlate the structure and function of carbohydrates.

Learning Outcome 9.2: Compare the types and functions of lipids found in cells.

Learning Outcome 9.3: Describe the four levels of protein structure and their impact on the function of a protein.

Learning Outcome 9.4: Explain how the structure of nucleic acids is critical for their function of transmitting genetic information.

Study Unit 10: Enzymes Facilitate Chemical Reactions in the Cell

Learning Outcome 10.1: Explain how the structure of an enzyme is key to its activity.

Learning Outcome 10.2: Predict the effects of temperature, pH, substrate, and inhibitors on enzyme activity.

Learning Outcome 10.3: Describe how bacteria are used to produce enzymes for medicine.

Chapter 5: The Architecture of a Microbe

Study Unit 11: Bacterial Cells Have Essential and Specialized Structures

Learning Outcome 11.1: Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell and give examples of prokaryotes.

Learning Outcome 11.2: Relate the structure and function of the essential components of bacterial cells.

Learning Outcome 11.3: Describe the structure and function of specialized components of the bacterial cell.

Study Unit 12: Bacterial Cell Walls Are Complex

Learning Outcome 12.1: Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls.

Learning Outcome 12.2: List examples of external structures and atypical cell walls used to protect bacterial cells.

Learning Outcome 12.3: Describe common morphologies and arrangements of bacteria.

Study Unit 13: Eukaryotic Cells Have Membrane-Bound Organelles

Learning Outcome 13.1: Correlate the structure and function for the common components of the eukaryotic cell.

Learning Outcome 13.2: Describe how specialized structures enable the eukaryotic cell to perform unique functions.

Learning Outcome 13.3: List the evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory.

Chapter 6: Bacterial Metabolism

Study Unit 14: Bacteria Use Nutrients to Produce Energy and Grow

Learning Outcome 14.1.1: Describe the core reactions used in metabolic pathways.

Learning Outcome 14.1.2: Explain the role of ATP in metabolism.

Learning Outcome 14.2: List examples of catabolic pathways that release energy.

Learning Outcome 14.3: Discuss how anabolic pathways use energy. 

Study Unit 15: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Are Key Activities in Microbial Metabolism

Learning Outcome 15.1: List the inputs and outputs of the three main pathways in cellular respiration.

Learning Outcome 15.2: Compare fermentation pathways and their by-products.

Learning Outcome 15.3: Explain how the environment dictates metabolic activity.

 Chapter 7: Bacterial Growth

Study Unit 16: Microbial Cells Divide Efficiently

Learning Outcome 16.1: Describe the steps of bacterial cell division.

Learning Outcome 16.2: Explain how bacterial cell populations move through the phases of growth.

Learning Outcome 16.3: Compare and contrast cell division processes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Study Unit 17: Physical and Chemical Environments Influence Bacterial Cell Growth

Learning Outcome 17.1: Predict how changes in temperature, pH, oxygen, and pressure can affect bacterial cell growth.

Learning Outcome 17.2: Describe how chemicals in the environment can affect bacterial cell growth. 

Learning Outcome 17.3: Compare and contrast physical environments for bacterial cell growth in nature and the human body.

Study Unit 18: Biofilms Support Complex Communities of Microbes

Learning Outcome 18.1.1: Diagram the key components that make up a biofilm structure.

Learning Outcome 18.1.2: List the steps of biofilm formation.

Learning Outcome 18.2: Describe how microbes communicate through quorum sensing.

Learning Outcome 18.3: List areas where biofilms form in the human body and their impacts on human health.

Chapter 8: Working with Microbes in the Laboratory

Study Unit 19: Different Biosafety Levels Are Key to Handling Microbes

Learning Outcome 19.1: Compare and contrast the regulations for the four levels of biosafety.

Learning Outcome 19.2: Describe the patient biosafety and biocontainment precautions that should be used in different clinical environments.

Learning Outcome 19.3: Describe examples of bioweapons and biodefense strategies. 

Study Unit 20: Culturing and Counting Microbes Requires Specialized Techniques

Learning Outcome 20.1: Compare and contrast the methods of growing bacteria for diagnoses, medicine, and monitoring.

Learning Outcome 20.2: Describe the nutrient and culture conditions for growing viruses and eukaryotic cells.

Learning Outcome 20.3: Predict the best method of counting microbes given a specific purpose.

Chapter 9: Bacterial Genetics 

Study Unit 21: Bacterial Cells Utilize the Central Dogma

Learning Outcome 21.1: Diagram the process of replication in bacterial cells, including the key enzymes needed.

Learning Outcome 21.2.1: List the steps of transcription in bacterial cells.

Learning Outcome 21.2.2: Determine the amino acid sequence produced from a sequence of DNA.

Learning Outcome 21.3: Compare and contrast the three types of horizontal gene transfer in bacterial cells.

Study Unit 22: Genetic Mutations Affect Bacterial Cells in a Variety of Ways

Learning Outcome 22.1.1: Compare and contrast different types of DNA mutations and their impacts on protein structure.

Learning Outcome 22.1.2: List the causes of mutations in bacterial cells.

Learning Outcome 22.2: Describe strategies to monitor the genomic sequence of an organism.

Learning Outcome 22.3: Explain how environmental pressures can cause new traits to emerge.

Study Unit 23: Biotechnology Uses Bacterial Cells to Produce Treatments, Therapeutics, and Protein Products

Learning Outcome 23.1: Provide examples of how bioinformatics data can inform patient care.

Learning Outcome 23.2: List clinical examples of the use of cells to produce desired protein products.

Learning Outcome 23.3: Describe the production and uses of biomanufactured proteins and products in food, medicine, and industry.

Chapter 10: Virus Replication and Growth

Study Unit 24: Virus Structure and Diversity Inform Replication, Growth, and Classification

Learning Outcome 24.1: Compare and contrast viral and cellular structures.

Learning Outcome 24.2: List the basic steps of viral replication.

Learning Outcome 24.3.1: Describe the seven Baltimore Groups of viruses.

Learning Outcome 24.3.2: Compare and contrast viroids and prions.

Learning Outcome 24.4: Explain how viruses are grown and identified.

Study Unit 25: Virus Replication Strategy Is Determined by Genome Type

Learning Outcome 25.1: Diagram how viruses arrange their genome for efficient replication.

Learning Outcome 25.2: List the steps of DNA virus replication.

Learning Outcome 25.3: Compare and contrast replication of positive- and negative-sense RNA viruses.

 Chapter 11: Eukaryotic Pathogenesis 

Study Unit 26: Fungi Have Unique Virulence Factors

Learning Outcome 26.1: Compare and contrast fungi with other microbe types. 

Learning Outcome 26.2: List the fungal virulence factors for humans.

Learning Outcome 26.3: Describe the primary characteristics of fungal disease in humans.

Study Unit 27: Protozoan Pathogens Are Diverse

Learning Outcome 27.1: Compare and contrast protozoa with other microbe types.

Learning Outcome 27.2: List the protozoan virulence factors for humans.

Learning Outcome 27.3: Describe the primary characteristics of protozoan disease in humans.

Study Unit 28: Invertebrate Parasites Are Diverse, Multicellular Pathogens

Learning Outcome 28.1: Compare and contrast invertebrate pathogens with other microbe types.

Learning Outcome 28.2: List the helminth-associated virulence factors for humans.

Learning Outcome 28.3: Describe the primary characteristics of helminthic disease in humans.

 Chapter 12: Bacterial and Viral Pathogenesis 

Study Unit 29: Bacteria Harness Specific Traits in Pathogenesis

Learning Outcome 29.1: List structures and strategies bacteria use to enter and attach to cells and tissues in a human host.

Learning Outcome 29.2.1: Describe examples of bacterial tissue invasion and nutrient uptake. 

Learning Outcome 29.2.2: Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins.

Learning Outcome 29.3: Summarize strategies used by intracellular and extracellular bacterial pathogens to avoid the host immune system.

Learning Outcome 29.4: Describe how bacterial pathogens use virulence factors to cause disease in humans.

Study Unit 30: Viral Infection Relies on Intracellular Replication

Learning Outcome 30.1: Describe how viruses enter and infect specific host cells.

Learning Outcome 30.2: List the strategies viruses use to prevent detection by the immune system.

Learning Outcome 30.3: Compare and contrast the primary characteristics of different viral infections.

Chapter 13: Controlling Microbial Growth

Study Unit 31: Microbial Growth Can Be Controlled with Both Physical and Chemical Methods

Learning Outcome 31.1: Compare and contrast the physical methods of controlling microbial growth. 

Learning Outcome 31.2: List the types of chemical methods of controlling microbial growth and the ways to determine their effectiveness.

Learning Outcome 31.3: Determine the best solution for controlling microbial growth in various scenarios.

Study Unit 32: Antimicrobial Therapies Utilize Selective Toxicity

Learning Outcome 32.1: Describe the therapeutic targets that are unique to a bacterial cell.

Learning Outcome 32.2: List the challenges in finding antimicrobial therapies for viruses and eukaryotic pathogens.

Learning Outcome 32.3: Describe strategies for determining antimicrobial effectiveness.

Study Unit 33: Selective Pressure Allows for the Growth and Spread of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 

Learning Outcome 33.1: Compare and contrast antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria.

Learning Outcome 33.2: List the ways antibiotic resistance traits can emerge and spread in a bacterial population.

Learning Outcome 33.3: Explain how public health strategies slow the spread of antibiotic resistance.

 Chapter 14: Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Diagnosis 

Study Unit 34: Epidemiologists Monitor Disease Outbreaks and Transmission

Learning Outcome 34.1: Describe the challenges epidemiologists face when identifying the source of a community outbreak.

Learning Outcome 34.2: Explain the epidemiological terms used to describe an outbreak.

Learning Outcome 34.3: List the reporting systems and public health measures in place to monitor and control infectious disease spread.

Study Unit 35: Healthcare-Associated Infections Are Preventable

Learning Outcome 35.1: List the most common types of HAIs and sources of infection.

Learning Outcome 35.2: Describe the most effective measures used to prevent HAIs.

Learning Outcome 35.3: Analyze data from an outbreak scenario to determine the cause of a cluster of HAIs.

Study Unit 36: Identifying Pathogens Is Key to Effective Treatment

Learning Outcome 36.1: Describe techniques used to collect pathogenic specimens from patients.

Learning Outcome 36.2.1: Using examples, explain how phenotypic characteristics can be applied to identify a pathogen.

Learning Outcome 36.2.2: Compare and contrast different methods of biochemical identification of pathogens.

Learning Outcome 36.3: List advantages and disadvantages of genetic identification methods for pathogens.

Chapter 15: The Immune System’s Response to Infection

Study Unit 37: The Innate Immune System Includes of Molecular and Cellular Components

Learning Outcome 37.1: Describe the physical and chemical barriers in the human body that help prevent infection.

Learning Outcome 37.2: Compare and contrast the functions of white blood cells in the immune system.

Learning Outcome 37.3: Explain how inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, complement, and interferon can stop or slow infection.

Study Unit 38: Adaptive Immunity Is Acquired through Exposure

Learning Outcome 38.1: Compare and contrast the types of T cells, their activations, and their functions in preventing infection.

Learning Outcome 38.2: List the stages of B-cell activation from antigen binding through antibody production.

Learning Outcome 38.3: Explain how the innate and adaptative immune responses work together to fight infection.

Chapter 16: Immunological Tools and Vaccinations

Study Unit 39: Vaccines Prevent Infectious Disease

Learning Outcome 39.1: Compare and contrast the different types of vaccines. 

Learning Outcome 39.2: Explain how vaccines are recommended and how vaccine schedules are determined to ensure long-term immune protection.

Learning Outcome 39.3: Describe how herd immunity develops to protect vulnerable populations.

Study Unit 40: Serological Tools Are Used for Diagnostics, Research, and Therapies

Learning Outcome 40.1: Compare and contrast the use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. 

Learning Outcome 40.2: Compare and contrast the various types of diagnostic tests that use antibodies.

Learning Outcome 40.3: Describe how targeted antibodies can be used to treat diseases such as cancer and infections.

Chapter 17: Immune System Disorders

Study Unit 41: Immune System Disorders Impact Human Health

Learning Outcome 41.1: Describe the impacts of immunodeficiencies on patient health.

Learning Outcome 41.2: For each autoimmune disorder, describe the specific immune system component that is affected.

Learning Outcome 41.3: Compare and contrast the different types of hypersensitivities.

 Chapter 18: Infections of the Nervous System

Study Unit 42: Infections of the Nervous System

Learning Outcome 42.1: Identify common characteristics of nervous system infections and tests used for their diagnosis.

Learning Outcome 42.2: Identify structures related to nervous system infections.

Learning Outcome 42.3: Compare and contrast the characteristics of nervous system infections.

Chapter 19: Infections of the Respiratory System

Study Unit 43: Infections of the Respiratory System

Learning Outcome 43.1: Identify common characteristics of respiratory system infections and tests used for their diagnosis.

Learning Outcome 43.2: Identify structures related to respiratory system infections.

Learning Outcome 43.3: Compare and contrast the characteristics of respiratory system infections.

Chapter 20: Infections of the Skin and Eye

Study Unit 44: Infections of the Skin and Eye

Learning Outcome 44.1: Identify common characteristics of skin and eye infections and tests used for their diagnosis.

Learning Outcome 44.2: Identify structures related to skin and eye infections.

Learning Outcome 44.3: Compare and contrast the characteristics of skin and eye infections.

Chapter 21: Infections of the Gastrointestinal System

Study Unit 45: Infections of the Gastrointestinal System

Learning Outcome 45.1: Identify common characteristics of gastrointestinal system infections and tests used for their diagnosis.

Learning Outcome 45.2: Identify structures related to gastrointestinal system infections.

Learning Outcome 45.3: Compare and contrast the characteristics of gastrointestinal system infections. 

Chapter 22: Infections of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Study Unit 46: Infections of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Learning Outcome 46.1: Identify common characteristics of urinary and reproductive system infections and tests used for their diagnosis.

Learning Outcome 46.2: Identify structures related to urinary and reproductive system infections.

Learning Outcome 46.3: Compare and contrast the characteristics of urinary and reproductive system infections.

Chapter 23: Systemic Infections

Study Unit 47: Systemic Infections

Learning Outcome 47.1: Identify common characteristics of systemic infections and tests used for their diagnosis.

Learning Outcome 47.2: Identify structures related to infections of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

Learning Outcome 47.3: Compare and contrast the characteristics of systemic infections.